Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (AICD or ICD)

Why is the doctor performing this procedure?

To monitor an abnormally beating heart, either one that beats too fast (tachycardia), too slow (brachycardia) or irregularly (atrial fibrillation). These abnormal heart beats are referred to as arrhythmias.

What is an AICD?

An AICD is a device that monitors a person's heartrate. They are generally implanted into heart failure patients.      The device is programmed to perform the following tasks: speed up or slow down your heart, depending upon  the heart rateThe AICD gives your heart a shock if you start having life threatening arrhythmias or an abnormally high heart rate. Arrhythmias occur when your heart does not beat normally. Some arrhythmias can cause the heart to completely stop beating. The shock given by the AICD can make the heart start beating normally again. An AICD can also make your heart beat faster if your heart is not beating fast enough.

There are different kinds of AICDs, but they all have 2 parts: electrodes (thin flexible wires) and a generator. The electrodes or "leads" sense or watch the heart's electrical activity. The generator is the battery power source and the "brains" of the AICD. It is a small metal can about the size of a deck of cards. The generator stores information about any arrhythmias you have. The generator also keeps track of how often it needs to give your heart a shock. Some AICDs also function as pacemakers for heart rates that are too slow or too fast.

When is an AICD indicated?

Your doctor has recommended you for an AICD system for one or more of the following reasons:

  • At least one episode of Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) or Ventricular Fibrillation (Vfib)
  • Previous cardiac arrest or abnormal heart rhythm that has caused you to pass out
  • A fast heart rhythm that keeps returning and could cause death
  • A fast heart rhythm that cannot be cured by surgery
  • A fast heart rhythm that cannot be controlled with medications
  • Severe side effects from medications

What happens during implantation of an AICD?

Prior to implantation of an AICD, an electrophysiological study (EP study) may be performed. An EP study is used to help decide whether to use an AICD or whether to use drugs for treatment.

The newer AICD units can be implanted without major surgery. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia, but sometimes it is done under general anesthesia. You will be hooked up to an intravenous (IV) line and will receive sedation. Before the doctor makes an incision, your upper chest will be cleaned and your torso draped. Your arms may be loosely strapped to prevent movement during the testing of the AICD.

The doctor will make an incision in your upper chest area below the collarbone. A wire will be inserted through a vein into your heart. Sometimes more than one wire is used. The doctor will create a "pocket" in your chest, where the AICD is inserted. The AICD is connected to the wires. The doctor will test the AICD by creating an arrhythmia and then observing whether the AICD delivers the required therapy. Later that day, or the next day, your AICD system will be checked and tested again with a computer called a "programmer." This procedure is called "noninvasive programmed stimulation" or "pre-discharge testing." You will receive sedation. The doctor will provoke an arrhythmia to see if the device works. The AICD will deliver a shock (defibrillation). The staff will fine-tune the equipment.

Recovery time after implantation of newer AICD units is quite short. Hospital stays are rarely longer than 3 or 4 days and there is quick return to prior activity levels. People with AICDs must continue to follow their doctor's recommendations regarding medication, diet, and exercise.

Prior to discharge, you will be shown how to examine your incision site. You should look for signs of infection each day such as increased redness, increased tenderness, swelling around the incision, drainage from the incision. You should also report a fever over 100°F that lasts longer than 24 hours. You will also receive instructions on your AICD.

What are possible complications?

Any surgical procedure includes the possibility of complications. The most typical complications for AICD implantation are not life threatening, but may require a longer hospital stay or a repeated operation. The most common complications include bleeding, infection, lead dislodgement, and problems with the AICD working properly. Ask your doctor about potential complications before your surgery.

The defibrillator unit can cause local discomfort. The most common long-term complication is the delivery of shocks when the patient does not need them. This is less of a problem with more recent devices. The patient is usually quite aware of each shock, even though it is very short in duration. The patient's doctor should be notified of every shock the patient feels. When the batteries have depleted their energy, the pulse generator must be replaced. Replacement of the pulse generator requires minor surgery. Cost should also be considered a factor.

What should I do if I receive a shock?

If you have symptoms of a fast heart rate, it is likely that your AICD will deliver a shock within a few seconds. There is not usually much time to react. Some patients describe the shock as a feeling like a quick click or hiccup; others feel a thump and have described it like a blow to the chest. Whatever you feel, you should adhere to the following guidelines:

  • Remain calm and find a place to sit or lie down.
  • If possible, have someone who is prepared to provide you with CPR stay with you throughout the event, should you need it.
  • Have a friend or family member call 9-1-1 if you remain unconscious for more than one minute.
  • If you are conscious but do not feel well after the shock, have someone call your doctor. Follow your doctor's orders carefully.

Patient instructions after implantation.

1. SYMPTOMS TO REPORT TO YOUR DOCTOR

  • Fever of 100°F or above, and or chills
  • Unusual drainage, redness, bleeding, or severe pain around the incision site
  • Increased swelling in arm on same side as AICD
  • Dizziness, faintness, or blacking out
  • Anxiety or depression that interferes with your everyday activities

2. ACTIVITY

  • DO NOT raise affected arm above shoulder level for 48 hours after surgery
  • No large arm movements for 1 month (I.e., no golf, tennis, shoveling, etc.)
  • Avoid massaging around the area of the AICD
  • Avoid contact sports that could result in blows to your AICD

3. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

  • Inform staff you have an AICD before any X-ray, MRI, or scan
  • Inform all doctors/dentists you see that you have an AICD
  • Carry your AICD identification card with you at all times
  • Wear a medic alert bracelet or necklace
  • Keep regular doctor's appointments. The frequency will depend on the type of device. Devices may require occasional adjustments to ensure peak operating efficiency.
  • If you use a cellular phone, hold the phone on the opposite ear from the AICD, at least 6 inches away. Do not carry cellular phones in a pocket or close to the AICD generator.

4. THINGS TO AVOID
* Keep the following potential sources of strong electrical or magnetic fields at lease 30 cm (12 inches) away from your AICD.

  • Large stereo speakers
  • Strong magnets
  • Magnetic bingo wands
  • Magnetic wands and detectors used in airport security
  • Nerve stimulators (TENS units)
  • Touching the spark plugs or distributor wires of a running car or lawn mower
  • Industrial equipment like power generators / arc welders
  • Battery-powered cordless power tools such as screwdrivers, drills, etc.
  • Avoid leaning over running engines
  • Many amusement park rides have strong magnets and should be avoided.
  • Check with your doctor about using radio frequency, remote-controlled transmitters used for toy cars and airplanes.

YOUR AICD SYSTEM MAY MAKE SOUNDS IF YOU ARE TOO CLOSE TO A MAGNET. THE DEVICE MAY BEEP (ABOUT ONCE PER SECOND) OR MAKE A CONTINUOUS TONE. MOVE AWAY FROM THE OBJECT OR LOCATION IMMEDIATELY AND CALL YOUR DOCTOR.

Do AICD batteries wear out?
The AICD pulse generator runs on a battery. The battery provides the energy needed to monitor your heart rhythm, pace the heart or deliver electrical therapy. Just like a battery you use with your electronic equipment, the battery can wear down over time. How long the AICD pulse generator will last is dependent on what settings are programmed into the system. It is also affected by how much therapy you receive.

Your doctor will open the pocket of skin where the pulse generator is located to replace your AICD pulse generator. The old pulse generator will be unplugged from the leads. The leads are checked to make sure they are still working properly. Then they are connected to the new AICD pulse generator. A test is preformed to make sure the new system is working properly.

Once the doctor knows the AICD is working properly, he/she will stitch the pocket of skin closed. The entire procedure takes about an hour. It is considered a minor operation, and you should be able to return to normal activities soon.

Where is the test performed?
In a cardiac catherization lab

How long does this test take?
Typically the procedure takes 1-2 hours to perform.

Surgeries

Procedures